Scotland’s First Settlers

Preliminaries

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1. Section 1
2. Section 2
   • Section 2.1
   • Section 2.2
3. Section 3
   • Section 3.1
   • Section 3.2
   • Section 3.3
   • Section 3.4
   • Section 3.5
   • Section 3.6
   • Section 3.7
   • Section 3.8
   • Section 3.9
   • Section 3.10
   • Section 3.11
   • Section 3.12
   • Section 3.13
   • Section 3.14
   • Section 3.15
   • Section 3.16
   • Section 3.17
4. Section 4
5. Section 5
6. Section 6
7. Section 7
   • Section 7.1
   • Section 7.2
8. Section 8
   • Section 8.1
   • Section 8.2
9. Section 9

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Section 1

• No Tables

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Section 2

Section 2.1

• 1 Type of site visited during survey
• 2 Survey sites by type and area
• 3 Archaeological evidence by type of site; NB: sites which were defined by the existence of finds, such as lithic scatter sites have been excluded
• 4 Sites with archaeological evidence by site type
• 5 Types of archaeological evidence
• 6 Types of site test pitted or shovel pitted
• 7 Locations of test and shovel pitted sites and the contribution of the technique to the recognition of archaeological sites by sub-area
• 8 Archaeological remains in caves and rockshelters by area and the contribution of test pitting
• 9 Sites with evidence for past human use
• 10 Natural explanations for caves and rockshelters with no archaeological evidence
• 11 Past human use of caves and rockshelters, by sub-area
• 12 Caves and rockshelters with evidence for past human use in islands
• 13 Prehistoric sites by sub-area
• 14 Later and post prehistoric sites by sub-area
• 15 Threat categories

Section 2.2

• 16 SFS 68, Allt na Criche, lithics
• 17 SFS 68, Allt na Criche, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 18 SFS 68, Allt na Criche, Radiocarbon dates, see Section 4
• 19 SFS 10, Allt na Uamha, test pits and shovel pits, mammal bones and fish, number of identified specimens (NISP)
• 20 SFS 10, Allt na Uamha, mammal bones and fish, texture of QC1 elements from test pits and shovel pits (all contexts)
• 21 SFS 10, Allt na Uamha, test pits and shovel pits, mammal bones and fish QC1 and QC2 element representation
• 22 SFS 10, Allt na Uamha, test pits and shovel pits, pre-adult mammal juvenile QC1 elements
• 23 SFS 10, Allt na Uamha, size of QC1 elements by species and context for test pits and shovel pits (see Appendix 27 for definitions of the York System size categories)
• 24 SFS 10, Allt na Uamha, marine molluscs, weight in grams
• 25 SFS 10, Allt na Uamha, the MNI of marine mollusc species by context
• 26 SFS 10, Allt na Uamha and SFS 171, Meall na h’Airde 2, charcoal remains
• 27 Lithic finds from the An Corran sites, Staffin
• 28 Lithic raw material use at the An Corran sites, Staffin
• 29 SFS 75, Applecross Manse, lithics
• 30 SFS 66, Ard Clais Salacher 2, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 31 SFS 66, Ard Clais Salacher 2, radiocarbon dates, see Section 4
• 32 SFS 6, Ashaig 1, radiocarbon dates, see Section 4
• 33 SFS 77, Camusteel 2, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 34 SFS 77, Camusteel 2, radiocarbon dates, see Section 4
• 35 SFS 78, Camusteel 3, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 36 SFS 17, Church Cave, Texture of QC1 elements from Test Pit 1 (all contexts)
• 37 SFS 17, Church Cave, texture of QC1 elements from Test Pit 2 (all contexts)
• 38 SFS 17, Church Cave, number of identified specimens (NISP) from Test Pit 1
• 39 SFS 17, Church Cave, number of identified specimens (NISP) from Test Pit 2
• 40 SFS 17, Church Cave, Test Pit 1 mammal, bird and fish QC1 and QC2 element representation
• 41 SFS 17, Church Cave, Test Pit 2 QC1 element distribution for mammal and bird
• 42 SFS 17, Church Cave, Test Pit 2 QC1 and QC2 element distribution for fish
• 43 SFS 17, Church Cave, QC1 elements pre-adult bird and mammal bone from Test Pit 1 and Test Pit 2
• 44 Size of QC1 elements by species and context for SFS 17, Church Cave, Test Pits 1 & 2 (see Appendix 21 for definitions of the York System size categories)
• 45 Bone modification from all sites
• 46 Butchery marks from all sites
• 47 SFS 17, Church Cave, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 48 SFS 17, Church Cave, marine molluscs, the MNI of species in Test Pit 1
• 49 SFS 17, Church Cave, marine molluscs, the MNI of species in Test Pit 2
• 50 SFS 99, Clachan Church Midden, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 51 SFS 99, Clachan Church Midden, radiocarbon dates. Calibration carried out using CalPal (www.calpal.de), see Section 4
• 52 SFS 147, Cnoc na Celpeirein, lithics
• 53 SFS 89a, Coire Sgamhadail 1, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 54 SFS 89b, Coire Sgamhadail 2, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 55 SFS 89a, Coire Sgamhadail 1, radiocarbon dates, see Section 4
• 56 SFS 90, Coire Sgamhadail 3, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 57 SFS 49, Creag na h-Uamha, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 58 SFS 49, Creag na h-Uamha, radiocarbon dates, see Section 4
• 59 SFS 2, Crowlin 1, lithics
• 60 SFS 2, Crowlin 1, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 61 SFS 2, Crowlin 1, radiocarbon dates, see Section 4
• 62 SFS 22, Crowlin 3, lithics
• 63 SFS 22, Crowlin 3, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 64 SFS 22, Crowlin 3, radiocarbon dates, see Section 4
• 65 SFS 26, Crowlin 7, Test Pit 1, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 66 SFS 26, Crowlin 7, radiocarbon dates, see Section 4
• 67 SFS 152, Doire na Guaile, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 68 SFS 152, Doire na Guaile, the MNI counts for individual species of marine molluscs
• 69 SFS 104, Fearnmore 1, lithics
• 70 SFS 104, Fearnmore 1, lithics per test pit
• 71 SFS 114, Fergus’ Shelter, lithics
• 72 SFS 114, Fergus’ Shelter, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 73 SFS 114, Fergus’ Shelter, Radiocarbon dates, see Section 4
• 74 SFS 100, Fraser’s Croft, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 75 SFS 8, Loch a Sguirr 1, lithics
• 76 SFS 8, Loch a Sguirr, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 77 SFS 8, Loch a Sguirr 1, radiocarbon dates, see Section 4
• 78 SFS 18 Loch a Sguirr 2, lithics
• 79 SFS 18, Loch a Sguirr 2, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 80 SFS 171, Meall na h’Airde 2, bone, texture of QC1 elements
• 81 SFS 171, Meall na h’Airde 2, bone, number of identified specimens (NISP)
• 82 SFS 171, Meall na h’Airde 2, mammal and fish QC1 and QC2 element representation
• 83 SFS 171, Meall na h’Airde 2, size of QC1 elements by species (see Appendix 27 for definitions of the York System size categories)
• 84 SFS 171, Meall na h’Airde 2, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 85 SFS 171, Meall na h’Airde 2, MNI counts for marine molluscs
• 26 SFS 10, Allt na Uamha and SFS 171, Meall na h’Airde 2, charcoal remains
• 86 The lithic assemblage from SFS 9, Redpoint
• 87 SFS 58, Rubha Chuaig, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 88 Scalpay sites, lithic content
• 89 Scalpay sites, lithic raw materials
• 90 SFS 20, Toscaig 2, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 91 SFS 20, Toscaig 2, Radiocarbon dates, see Section 4
• 92 SFS 34, Toscaig 3, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 93 SFS 35, Toscaig 4, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 94 SFS 41, Toscaig 9, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context
• 95 Radiocarbon dates, SFS 41, Toscaig 9, see Section 4
• 96 SFS 105, Uags, marine molluscs, weight in grams, by context

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Section 3

Section 3.1

• No Tables

Section 3.2

• 97 Sand, Resolution of Contexts
• 98 Summary of later material from the shell midden at Sand

Section 3.3

• 99 Lithic raw materials in the Sand 1999 assemblage
• 100 Sand, Location of the 1999 lithics by test pit (see Illustration 326 for the location of the test pits)
• 101 Breakdown of the flaked lithic assemblage from Sand 1999
• 102 Sand, lithics by context
• 103 Sand, Resolution of Contexts and lithic conten
• 104 Sand, lithic raw materials, including material from the 1999 test pits
• 105 Sand, breakdown of the whole assemblage by type
• 106 Sand, lamellar index by raw material

Section 3.4

• 107 Bone tools
• 108 Bone tools, Sand
• 109 Distribution of bone tools, Sand. (Only artefacts excavated in 2000 included)
• 110 Bone tools by context, Sand. (Only artefacts excavated in 2000 included)
• 111 Types of bevel ended tools
• 112 Morphology of the sides of bevel ended tools (only unbroken pieces included, n=39)
• 113 Size of bevel ended tools in millimetres (only unbroken pieces included, n=39)
• 114 Placing of bevel (only unbroken pieces included, n=39)
• 115 Angle of bevel (only unbroken pieces included, n=39)
• 116 Distribution of bevel ended tools, Sand. (Only artefacts excavated in 2000 included)
• 117 Bevel ended tools by context, Sand. (Only artefacts excavated in 2000 included)
• 118 Experimental tools
• 119 Experimental use of bevel ended tools
• 120 Tree bark processing
• 121 Plant processing
• 122 Wet limpet shell experiments
• 123 Experiments 3B & 3D, detaching limpet shells from rocks
• 124 Experiment 3C, limpet meat extraction
• 125 Experiment 4, hide preparation
• 126 Wear traces at 10× on bevel ends
• 127 Bevel ended bone tools from Mesolithic sites analysed using the SEM
• 128 Mineral spectra on bone tools
• 129 The condition of the bone tools at Sand

Section 3.5

• 130 Sand, catalogue of worked and decorative shells

Section 3.6

• 131 The coarse stone tools from Sand in context, tool types by site around the Inner Sound
• 132 Sand coarse stone tools by context
• 133 Fractured rock from Sand

Section 3.7

• No Tables
• 3.7.4 Sand, coarse pottery from sorting
• 3.7.5 Sand, glazed pottery

Section 3.8

• No Tables

Section 3.9

• No Tables

Section 3.10

• 134 Sand, catalogue of human teeth

Section 3.11

• 135 Number of identified specimens from Sand by method of recovery
• 136 Weight of bones from Sand by method of recovery
• 137 Sand, Number of identified mammal specimens by context
• 138 Sand, Weight of mammal specimens by context
• 139 Sand, Surface texture of mammal QC1 elements. Assessment of surface texture based on the criteria of – Harland et al 2003
• 140 Sand, Completeness of mammal QC1 elements
• 141 Sand, Modification of mammal bone (all specimens) by context
• 142 Sand, Possible domestic mammalian taxa recorded (all quantification codes)
• 143 Sand, Mammal QC1 and QC4 element representation
• 144 Antler recovered from Sand
• 145 Sand, Butchery evidence (all classes of bone)
• 146 Sand, Juvenile mammal specimens
• 147 Sand, Fracture freshness index fragments by size class and type
• 148 Sand, Main shell midden fracture freshness index scores; Fracture freshness scores only given to fragments greater than 30mm (Outram 2002)
• 149 Sand, Number of identified small mammal and amphibian specimens
• 150 Sand, Weight of identified small mammal and amphibian specimens
• 151 Sand, Small mammal and amphibian QC1 element representation
• 152 Sand, Number of identified bird specimens by context
• 153 Sand, Weight of identified bird specimens
• 154 Sand, Surface texture of bird QC1 elements; Assessment of surface texture based on the following criteria. Assessment of surface texture based on the criteria of Harland et al 2003
• 155 Sand, Element completeness of bird QC1 elements
• 156 Sand, Modified bird bone (all specimens) by context
• 157 Sand, Bird QC1 element representation
• 158 Sand, Juvenile bird specimens
• 159 Sand, Number of identified fish specimens by context
• 160 Sand, Weight of fish specimens by context
• 161 Sand, Surface texture of fish QC1 elements. Assessment of surface texture based on the criteria of Harland et al 2003
• 162 Sand, Element completeness of fish QC1 elements
• 163 Sand, Modified fish bone (all specimens) by context
• 164 Sand, Fish QC1, QC2 and QC4 element representation; mineralised vertebral centrum is abbreviated to mvc
• 165 Sand, Estimated size of fish from Sand
• 166 Sand, Estimated size of gadid and labridae specimens

Section 3.12

• 167 Sand, B25B, marine molluscs: quadrants analysed
• 168 Sand, marine molluscs, table to show MNI for each species per context in square B25B
• 169 Sand, marine molluscs, MNI and presence of species in Trench A

Section 3.13

• 170 Sand, the numbers of crab claws, or significant pieces of claw, found throughout the midden

Section 3.14

• 171 Pearls found during excavation at Sand and other SFS sites

Section 3.15

• 172 Summary of the results of the analysis of charcoal fragments from the excavations at Sand

Section 3.16

• No Tables

Section 3.17

• No Tables

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Section 4

• 173 Radiocarbon determinations from Sand; NB: Dates from squares B24A & B were affected by the recording discrepancy noted in Appendix 3 and the corrected squares B25A & B have been marked here
• 174 Radiocarbon determinations from the test pitted sites
• 530 Numbers of dated sites in Skye and Lochalsh, including non-SFS dates; dates by half millennium except at beginning and end
• 175 An Corran, radiocarbon determinations (Saville & Miket 1994; Saville 1998a:126–7)

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Section 5

• 176 Different types of raw material identified by the project
• 177 SFS survey sites: lithic raw materials used
• 178 Lithic raw material use at Sand

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Section 6

• 179 SFS samples of pumice-like material collected from local beaches for analysis

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Section 7

Section 7.1

• 180 Quaternary stratigraphic nomenclature (after Ballantyne & Harris 1994)

Section 7.2

• 181 Stratigraphy of Monolith 1, Clachan Harbour, Raasay
• 182 Tidal data for Raasay and contemporary diatom sample details

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Section 8

Section 8.1

• 183 Radiocarbon data for palaeo-environmental samples taken from Suarbie, Digg, and Loch Cleat. Calibration was undertaken via the program CALIB v. 5.0.1 (Stuiver & Reimer 2005)

Section 8.2

• 184 Climate averages for Kinlochewe (25 masl) 1971–2000
• 2 Survey sites by type and area
• 185 pH of samples from Applecross peninsula
• 186 Applecross peninsula vegetation survey, number of species found and most common species
• 187 Proportion of tree species averaged across all woodlands
• 188 Most common herb species averaged over all woodlands

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Section 9

• 189 SFS Sites with Mesolithic-type artefacts. (See text, Section 9.3)
• 13 Prehistoric sites by sub-area
• 190 Date spans for midden sites in the west of Scotland (information from Ashmore 2004b)
• 191 Shell middens around the Inner Sound by rough chronological type

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